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Title
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Preliminary investigation and dynamic analysis of a multiphase ice‑rock avalanche on July 5, 2021, in the upper Naltar valley, Gilgit, Pakistan
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Sub-Title |
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Subject |
Ice-rock avalanche · Propagation modeling · Highspeed long-runout · Upper Naltar valley Pakistan
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Sub-Subject |
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Author |
Hasnain Gardezi · Aiguo Xing · Muhammad Bilal · Yu
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Publish Year |
2022 |
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Supervisor |
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Diss#. |
DOI 10.1007/s10346-021-01840-0 |
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Pages |
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Text Language |
English |
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Accession |
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Library Section |
Research Article |
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Abstract |
On July 5, 2021, a catastrophic rock avalanche hit an area
in the upper Naltar valley, located in northwestern Gilgit, Pakistan.
The 14 Mm3
rock mass flowed down the hillslope and traveled a
distance of approximately 5 km. The avalanche killed four people
and damaged more than 150 livestock. Based on a field investigation,
the event is classified as a dual-phase avalanche comprising
glacial ice and rock mass mixtures. In this study, the runout
behavior and characteristics of the upper Naltar rock avalanche
are analyzed using DAN3D. The simulation results indicate that
the propagation process lasted for 140 s, with an average maximum
velocity of 32 m/s. The frictional-Voellmy model for the materials in
the source and erosion areas produced the best results for DAN3D.
Parameter calibration, model performance, and verification were
performed numerically and based on field observations. It is hoped
that the selected model and parameters will help the relevant agencies
understand the propag
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